REMEMBERS

PATHOLOGY

♥defect in transport and secretion of proteins
Eg.antitrypsin deficiency, cystic fibrosis 
♥misfolded/unfolded proteins 
Eg.Alzheimer's disease, Huntington disease, Parkinson's disease

♥Dystrophic calcification 
-rheumatic heart disease
-atheroma
-tubercular lymphnode
-meningioma
-mesothelioma
-papillary ca of ovary
-serous ovarian cysadenoma
-papillary ca of salivary gland
-papillary ca of thyroid
-prolactinoma
-glucagonoma

♥Metastatic calcification 
-hyperparathyroidism
-renal failure
-vit D intoxication
-sarcoidosis
-milk alkali syndrome
-multiple myeloma
-metastatic tumors of bone

♥Anti oxidants 
Enzymatic 
-sod
-catalase
-glutathione peroxidase

Non enzymatic 
-vit E
-Cysteine, glutathione
-albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin

♥commonly used stains 
★glycogen-carmine, PAS with diastase sensitivity
★Lipids-sudan black, oil red O
★Amyloid-congo red, thioflavin T nd S
★Calcium-von kossa, alzarine red
★Hemosiderin-perl's stain

♥reversible cell injury 
-ER swelling
-cellular swelling
-loss of microvilli
-blebs
-myelin fibres
-incresed anaerobic respiration
-decreased glycogen
-increased glycogenolysis
-decreased ph
-clumping of nuclear chromatin
-decreased Na K ATPase pump activity
-increased influx of Na n water
-increased efflux of K
-decreased proein synthesis
-lipid deposition

♥Irreversible cell injury 
-large flocculent mitochondrial densities due to Ca influx
-pycnosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis
-decreased ribonucleoproteins
-decreased basophilia
-protein digestion

♥anti apoptotic 
-Bcl 2
-Bcl XL
-Mcl 1

♥pro apoptotic 
-Bad
-Bim
-Bid
-Puma
-p53
-Noxa
-Bak
-Bin
-Bcl XS

BIO CHEMISTRY

♥REPRESENTATIVE PROTEIN FOLDING DISEASE 
★Hypercholeserolaemia- LDL receptor
★Cystic fibrosis- CFTR
★Phenylketonuria-phenylalanine hydroxylase
★Huntington's disease-huntingtin
★Marfan syndrome-fibrillin
★Osteogenesis imperfecta- procollagen
★Sickle cell anemia-hb
★@1 antitrypsin deficiency-@1 antitrypsin
★Tay Sachs disease-beta hexosaminidase
★Scurvy-collagen
★Alzheimer's disease-amyloid beta peptide/tau
★Parkinson's disease-@ synuclein
★Scrapie/creutzfeldt jacob disease-prion
★Familial amyloidosia- transthyretin/lysozyme
★Retinitis pigmentosa-rhodopsin
★Cataracts-crystallins
★Cancers-p53
★Maple syrup urine disease-@ ketoacid dehydrogenase complex
★Leprechaunism- insulin receptor

♥INHIBITORS OF TCA CYCLE
★Fluoroacetate- aconitase (competitively/non competitively)
★Arsenite- @ keto glutarate dehydrogenase (non competitively)
★malonate- succinate dehydrogenase (competitively)

♡OTHER INHIBITORS
★Sulfonamides- folate synthase (competitively)
★ethanol- alcohol dehydrogenase
★malathion- cholinesterase

♥CYCLES AND LOCATIONS
★Kreb's cycle- mitochondria
★Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate- mitochondria
★Gluconeogenesis- mitochondria+cytosol
★Glycolysis- cytosol
★HMP shunt- cytosol
★Cholesterol synthesis- cytosol
★De novo fatty acid synthesis- cytosol
★Urea cycle- mitochondria+cytosol

♥TRANSAMINASE REACTIONS (reversible)
★Pyruvate-alanine
★@ketoglutarate- glutamate
★oxaloacetate- glutamate

SPM

♥Nutritive values of milk per 100 gms 
★lactose-cm-4.4g, hm-7.4 
★proteins-cm-3.2, hm-1.1 
★fat-cm-4.1, hm-3.4b
★calcium-cm-120mg, hm-28mg 
★Iron-cm-0.2mg, hm-1mg 
★water- cm-87g, hm-88g 
★energy- cm- 67kcal, hm- 65kcal

♥Human milk higher in (than cow's)
-carbohydrates 
-iron 
-water 
-PUFAs esp. Linolenic acid n linoleic acid 
-vit A n C 
-copper, cobalt, selenium 
-high Calcium n Phosphorus ratio

♥lower in 
-fat 
-protein 
-calcium 
-energy 
-sodium

★weight for age- acute+chronic malnutrition
★wt for height-acute malnutrition
★height for age- chronic malnutrition

♥Ministries to combat malnutrition 
★Vit A prophylaxis program-ministry oh health and family welfare 
★Prophylaxis against nutritional anemia-ministry of health and family welfare 
★Iodine deficiency disorders control program-ministry of health and family welfare 
★Special nutritional program-ministry of social welfare 
★Balwadi nutrition program-ministry of social welfare 
★ICDS Program-ministry of HRD 
★midday meal program-ministry of education

FORENSIC MEDICINE

♥AGE OF ABRASION  
★Fresh-bright red  
★12 to 24 hrs- lymph and blood dries up leaving a BRIGHT SCAB  
★2 to 3 days- reddish brown scab  
★4 to 7 days- epithelium grows and covers defect under the scab  
★After 7 days- scab dries, shrinks nd fall out 

♥AGE OF BRIISE  
★At first (1 to 2 hrs) -red  
★Few hrs to 3 days- blue 
★4 th day- bluish black to brown (hemosiderin)  
★5to 6 days- greenish (hematoidin)  
★7 to 12 days- yellow (bilirubin)  
★2 wks- normal colour 

♥AGE OF INCISED WOUND  
★Fresh- hematoma formation 
★12 hrs- edges are red, swollen nd adherent with blood nd lymph 
★24 hrs- a continuous layer of epithelial cells cover the surface and edges are formed 
★36 hrs- the capillary network is complete 
★48 to 72 hrs- the wound is filled with fibroblasts 
★3 to 5days- definite fibris running parallel to the vessels are seen; vessel show thickening nd obliteration 
★1 to 2 wks- scar tissue is formed

♥HOMICIDAL POISONS AND EFFECTS 
★Arsenic- cholera, fading measles, addison' s disease 
★Strychnine- tetanus  
★Zinc- malarial chills  
★Thallium- natural death, GB syndrome, porphyria  
★Di nitro compounds- thyrotoxicosis
★Organophosphates- bronchial asthma  
★Bromides- acne