PATHOLOGY
♥defect in transport and secretion of proteins
Eg.antitrypsin deficiency, cystic fibrosis
♥misfolded/unfolded proteins
Eg.Alzheimer's disease, Huntington disease, Parkinson's disease
♥Dystrophic calcification
-rheumatic heart disease
-atheroma
-tubercular lymphnode
-meningioma
-mesothelioma
-papillary ca of ovary
-serous ovarian cysadenoma
-papillary ca of salivary gland
-papillary ca of thyroid
-prolactinoma
-glucagonoma
♥Metastatic calcification
-hyperparathyroidism
-renal failure
-vit D intoxication
-sarcoidosis
-milk alkali syndrome
-multiple myeloma
-metastatic tumors of bone
♥Anti oxidants
Enzymatic
-sod
-catalase
-glutathione peroxidase
Non enzymatic
-vit E
-Cysteine, glutathione
-albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin
♥commonly used stains
★glycogen-carmine, PAS with diastase sensitivity
★Lipids-sudan black, oil red O
★Amyloid-congo red, thioflavin T nd S
★Calcium-von kossa, alzarine red
★Hemosiderin-perl's stain
♥reversible cell injury
-ER swelling
-cellular swelling
-loss of microvilli
-blebs
-myelin fibres
-incresed anaerobic respiration
-decreased glycogen
-increased glycogenolysis
-decreased ph
-clumping of nuclear chromatin
-decreased Na K ATPase pump activity
-increased influx of Na n water
-increased efflux of K
-decreased proein synthesis
-lipid deposition
♥Irreversible cell injury
-large flocculent mitochondrial densities due to Ca influx
-pycnosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis
-decreased ribonucleoproteins
-decreased basophilia
-protein digestion
♥anti apoptotic
-Bcl 2
-Bcl XL
-Mcl 1
♥pro apoptotic
-Bad
-Bim
-Bid
-Puma
-p53
-Noxa
-Bak
-Bin
-Bcl XS
BIO CHEMISTRY
♥REPRESENTATIVE PROTEIN FOLDING DISEASE
★Hypercholeserolaemia- LDL receptor
★Cystic fibrosis- CFTR
★Phenylketonuria-phenylalanine hydroxylase
★Huntington's disease-huntingtin
★Marfan syndrome-fibrillin
★Osteogenesis imperfecta- procollagen
★Sickle cell anemia-hb
★@1 antitrypsin deficiency-@1 antitrypsin
★Tay Sachs disease-beta hexosaminidase
★Scurvy-collagen
★Alzheimer's disease-amyloid beta peptide/tau
★Parkinson's disease-@ synuclein
★Scrapie/creutzfeldt jacob disease-prion
★Familial amyloidosia- transthyretin/lysozyme
★Retinitis pigmentosa-rhodopsin
★Cataracts-crystallins
★Cancers-p53
★Maple syrup urine disease-@ ketoacid dehydrogenase complex
★Leprechaunism- insulin receptor
♥INHIBITORS OF TCA CYCLE
★Fluoroacetate- aconitase (competitively/non competitively)
★Arsenite- @ keto glutarate dehydrogenase (non competitively)
★malonate- succinate dehydrogenase (competitively)
♡OTHER INHIBITORS
★Sulfonamides- folate synthase (competitively)
★ethanol- alcohol dehydrogenase
★malathion- cholinesterase
♥CYCLES AND LOCATIONS
★Kreb's cycle- mitochondria
★Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate- mitochondria
★Gluconeogenesis- mitochondria+cytosol
★Glycolysis- cytosol
★HMP shunt- cytosol
★Cholesterol synthesis- cytosol
★De novo fatty acid synthesis- cytosol
★Urea cycle- mitochondria+cytosol
♥TRANSAMINASE REACTIONS (reversible)
★Pyruvate-alanine
★@ketoglutarate- glutamate
★oxaloacetate- glutamate
SPM
♥Nutritive values of milk per 100 gms
★lactose-cm-4.4g, hm-7.4
★proteins-cm-3.2, hm-1.1
★fat-cm-4.1, hm-3.4b
★calcium-cm-120mg, hm-28mg
★Iron-cm-0.2mg, hm-1mg
★water- cm-87g, hm-88g
★energy- cm- 67kcal, hm- 65kcal
♥Human milk higher in (than cow's)
-carbohydrates
-iron
-water
-PUFAs esp. Linolenic acid n linoleic acid
-vit A n C
-copper, cobalt, selenium
-high Calcium n Phosphorus ratio
♥lower in
-fat
-protein
-calcium
-energy
-sodium
★weight for age- acute+chronic malnutrition
★wt for height-acute malnutrition
★height for age- chronic malnutrition
♥Ministries to combat malnutrition
★Vit A prophylaxis program-ministry oh health and family welfare
★Prophylaxis against nutritional anemia-ministry of health and family welfare
★Iodine deficiency disorders control program-ministry of health and family welfare
★Special nutritional program-ministry of social welfare
★Balwadi nutrition program-ministry of social welfare
★ICDS Program-ministry of HRD
★midday meal program-ministry of education
FORENSIC MEDICINE
♥AGE OF ABRASION
★Fresh-bright red
★12 to 24 hrs- lymph and blood dries up leaving a BRIGHT SCAB
★2 to 3 days- reddish brown scab
★4 to 7 days- epithelium grows and covers defect under the scab
★After 7 days- scab dries, shrinks nd fall out
♥AGE OF BRIISE
★At first (1 to 2 hrs) -red
★Few hrs to 3 days- blue
★4 th day- bluish black to brown (hemosiderin)
★5to 6 days- greenish (hematoidin)
★7 to 12 days- yellow (bilirubin)
★2 wks- normal colour
♥AGE OF INCISED WOUND
★Fresh- hematoma formation
★12 hrs- edges are red, swollen nd adherent with blood nd lymph
★24 hrs- a continuous layer of epithelial cells cover the surface and edges are formed
★36 hrs- the capillary network is complete
★48 to 72 hrs- the wound is filled with fibroblasts
★3 to 5days- definite fibris running parallel to the vessels are seen; vessel show thickening nd obliteration
★1 to 2 wks- scar tissue is formed
♥HOMICIDAL POISONS AND EFFECTS
★Arsenic- cholera, fading measles, addison' s disease
★Strychnine- tetanus
★Zinc- malarial chills
★Thallium- natural death, GB syndrome, porphyria
★Di nitro compounds- thyrotoxicosis
★Organophosphates- bronchial asthma
★Bromides- acne
